Scientists have found a way to switch on a dormant gene without inserting foreign DNA and creating a GMO, as would usually be the approach.
This is the first such demonstration using a gene editing ‘deletion’ approach in any organism, with previous methods not managing this feat in such a precise and predictable way.
The hope is this technique could be adapted to a variety of situations where plant breeders want to turn genes on, rather than just turning them off, as is often needed for crop improvement.
Professor Peter Eastmond and his Rothamsted Research colleagues used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing – which is usually used to switch genes off – to bring the gene in question under the control of an existing gene promoter, which then acts as its new genetic ‘on-switch’.
Important challenge
He said: “Achieving ‘gain-of-function’ phenotypes without inserting foreign DNA is an important challenge for plant biotechnologists. Here we show that a gene can be brought under the control of a promoter from another gene by deleting the intervening genomic sequence. It’s a tough thing to do, but we’ve come up with a simple solution to a difficult problem.
“There are many barriers to commercialisation of GM crops and so it may be desirable to achieve gain-of-function by other means, if possible.”
Despite the fact the UK and European regulators still consider genome editing as GM, in many countries, including India, China and the US, similar genome editing techniques that don’t insert any foreign DNA – so called SDN1 and SDN2 categories – have already been cleared for use by plant and animal breeders.
This deletion strategy offers a transgene-free route to engineering traits that rely on switching genes on, such as crops producing high lipid feed stuffs for sheep and cattle, said Professor Eastmond.
Studies suggest higher dietary lipid concentrations in cattle can reduce methane emissions by up to five percent for each one percent increase in lipid content.
Working in the model plant species, Arabidopsis, the team fused the promoter of a non-essential gene that’s switched on in leaves, to the DGAT2 gene that’s normally switched off – resulting in the leaves accumulating vegetable oil.
DGAT2 makes an enzyme that is known to synthesise triacylglycerol and its overexpression is sufficient to drive increased oil production.
Using CRISPR/Cas9, the team made cuts at either end of the stretch of DNA that separates DGAT2 and the gene promoter and the plant joined the cut ends.
DGAT2 expression in the leaves was enhanced more than twenty-fold and the triacylglycerol oil content increased by around thirty-fold.
The modified expression pattern of DGAT2 across leaf, stem, root, flower, and seed pod tissues also mirrored that of the gene from which the promoter was taken.
“The increase in leaf total lipid content that we achieve here, without inserting foreign DNA, is likely sufficient to significantly enhance productivity and reduce methane emissions from cattle and sheep if replicated in pastures. We know that is true as it has recently been shown using a GMO approach,” said Professor Eastmond.
